Under section 221-224 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (ERA 1996) the amount an employee receives in contractual holiday pay will depend on whether they have “normal working hours” or not under their contract. Under the Working Time Regulations 1998 (SI 1998/1833) (WTR) the rate of holiday pay is expressed as requiring the same as the calculation of a week’s pay under the ERA 1996. In Bamsey v Albon Engineering and Manufacturing plc [2004] EWCA Civ 369, the Court of Appeal had held that the exclusion of voluntary overtime from a calculation of a week’s pay for the purposes of calculating both contractual and WTR holiday pay was lawful. Under this analysis, a zero hours employee could legitimately be paid nothing, if all of their hours were, essentially “voluntary”.
This was always a strained position. It began to approach breaking point once the CJEU began to explain the basis of the right to paid holiday under the Working Time Directive (2003/88/EC) (WTD). Although the Court of Appeal in Bamsey had held that their position was consistent with EU law, this conclusion looked increasingly likely to be doomed following the judgments in:
- Williams v British Airways plc (Case C-155/10) [2012] ICR 847.
- Robinson-Steele v RD Retail Services (Cases C-131/04 and 257/04) [2006] ICR 932.
- Bear Scotland v Fulton [2015] ICR 221.
- Lock v British Gas (Case C-539/12) [2014] ICR 813 and Lock v British Gas [2016] IRLR 946.
In Dudley Metropolitan Council v Willetts UKEAT/0334/16, Simler P confirmed its death knell. Under the WTD an employee could not be deprived of holiday pay calculated by reference to both their normal working hours pay plus their voluntary overtime in the reference period. She held that EU law requires that the amount of remuneration paid for a period of leave must correspond to what the employee received as “normal remuneration”. This does not depend on whether the employee has normal working hours or not. It is determined by what, from their perspective, their normal remuneration would be.
The overarching principle of the WTR and WTD is to ensure that workers do not suffer a financial disadvantage as a result of taking holiday. If a worker were to not to be paid for overtime, which they would otherwise have performed in a week in which they had booked holiday, this could discourage the worker from taking the holiday. Simler P confirmed that wholly exceptional payments would not “normally” be treated by the employee as part of their normal remuneration. But if there is an intrinsic link between the payment and the performance of tasks required under the contract then it must be included within normal remuneration. The absence of a link does not necessarily exclude a payment (for example, payments for seniority, length of service and so on would also be counted by a notionally objective employee as part of their normal remuneration) (paragraph 41). The WTD contains directly effective rights and the WTR had to be interpreted consistently with it so far as was possible.
Shortly before the judgement in Dudley, Employment Judge Laidler in Flowers v East of England Ambulance Trust ET3400310/2015 took the opposite view. However Simler P’s judgment in Dudley will now be binding on employment tribunals, and will have persuasive (but not binding) authority at EAT level.
Implications of Dudley
The implications of Dudley are potentially significant in some sectors, particularly those where contracts have historically been collectively negotiated. Many public services (large numbers of which are now privatised) are not fully staffed by those working regular contractual hours, but are kept afloat by those doing overtime or extra contractual hours. This is why, in some industries, industrial action in the form of an overtime ban can have such catastrophic consequences for service delivery. Until Dudley, most of these employees will have been paid annual leave at their basic rate but not additionally for the periods of overtime worked in the twelve weeks prior to their holiday. Those whose zero hours workforce are workers (they need not be employees) may well also need to change their HR systems significantly.
Employers whose payroll software calculates holiday pay by reference to basic pay and not overtime are essentially required, as a result of Dudley, to overhaul their systems. Employers, like the majority of law firms, who do not pay any supplement for overtime, will not need to change a thing.
Holiday pay and Brexit
What will happen to this area after Brexit is an interesting question. The draft of the European Union Withdrawal Bill 2017, would mean that:
- The WTR is deemed “EU-derived domestic legislation” under clause 2.
- The WTD would not be “direct EU legislation” under clause 3 because its effect was reproduced in the WTR before exit day (clause 3(2)(iii)).
- The EU law right to holiday pay calculated by reference to “normal remuneration” is a “right in domestic law” under clause 4 of the Bill because it has been recognised as such in a case (ie Dudley) which has been decided before “exit day”.
- Any further argument based on the supremacy of EU law and direct effect of any other part of the WTD could not be made after exit day (clause 5).
- No reference to the CJEU could be made after exit day (clause 6).
- In a future case a court or tribunal may have regard to EU case law in a holiday pay case, but would not be bound to do so (clause 6).
- The government would have the power for two years following exit day, through statutory instrument, rather than primary legislation, to rectify any “failure of retained EU law to operate effectively”. Although this power may not be used to increase taxation, make retroactive provision, create criminal offences, or amend the Human Rights Act 1998, there is currently no restriction on removing or altering employment law rights, including the WTR.
Therefore:
- New arguments on the scope of holiday pay will become much more difficult following Brexit. This is because arguments based on supremacy will no longer have prospects of success.
- Arguments which rest on principles which have already been recognised domestically or at EU level in case law could still have some success under the principle of consistent interpretation. if, however, the EU later amends or replaces the WTD, it will become increasingly difficult for employees to pursue challenges to the way in which domestic law calculates holiday pay for employees.
It was assumed by many during the Brexit campaigns that no side was proposing that workers’ rights to paid holiday would be withdrawn. However, the European Union Withdrawal Bill, as currently drafted, provides potential mechanisms by which they could be significantly weakened. The constitutional principles relied on in Dudley to escape Bamsey could well have had less bite had either the original claim or the appeal arisen after exit day.
Katherine Apps and David Reade QC were instructed by the claimants at an earlier stage of Dudley. The views expressed are personal and should not be assumed to represent those of any other member of Littleton Chambers. Niran de Silva was instructed by the successful respondent in Flowers. He has taken no part in the drafting of this article.
